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Technical resources

Case studies, technical papers, design manuals and presentations, tagged with the same contaminant and technology vocabulary as the product catalog.

Resources

  • Technical paper2024

    A Non-Traditional Technology to Reduce Nitrogen Flux and Meet Estuary Nitrogen TMDLs

    P.M. Dombrowski, T. Pac, M. Lee, R. Raymond Jr. · Prepared for the Southeast New England Program (SNEP)

    A white paper on nitrate loading to Cape Cod estuaries from septic systems and lawn fertilizer, and on EVO-injected permeable reactive barriers as a non-traditional denitrification technology to meet estuary nitrogen TMDLs.

    • Nitrate
  • Presentation2023

    Introduction to Harmful Algal Blooms & An In-Situ Treatment Strategy

    P.M. Dombrowski (ISOTEC Remediation Technologies), D. Raymond (Terra Systems) · Enviro Class webinar, December 2023

    A webinar introducing harmful algal blooms as a consequence of excess nitrate loading, and presenting EVO-injected permeable reactive barriers as an in-situ nitrate treatment strategy.

    • Nitrate
  • Design manual2023

    Permeable Reactive Barriers for Removal of Nitrate from Groundwater Through Injection of Emulsified Vegetable Oil: Engineering Design Manual

    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution / ISOTEC / Terra Systems, Inc., prepared for the Southeast New England Program (SNEP)

    A design manual for coastal communities in Southeast New England and beyond, covering denitrification biology, PRB technology and installation methods for reducing nitrate transport from groundwater to surface water using injected EVO.

    • Nitrate
  • Technical paper2021

    ZVI and SRS®-Z Columns with Sulfidation for Treatment of VOCs and Hexavalent Chromium

    Terra Systems, Inc.

    Column study showing that sulfidating zero-valent iron before blending it into SRS®-Z (the EVO/ZVI substrate) improves the extent of ZVI degradation, increases longevity, and reduces undesired hydrolysis; test columns removed TCE, 1,1,1-TCA and chloroform over 29 days.

    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • 1,1,1-TCA (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
    • Chloroform
    • Cr(VI) (Hexavalent chromium)
  • Design manual2020

    Optimizing Injection Strategies and In Situ Remediation Performance

    Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC)

    ITRC technical and regulatory guidance on remedial design characterization, amendment and dose selection, and delivery optimization for in situ remediation programs.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)
    • Cr(VI) (Hexavalent chromium)
  • Technical paper2020

    What Is PCE and Why Do We Care?

    A plain-language fact sheet on tetrachloroethene (PCE): its industrial uses, physical and chemical properties, DNAPL behavior in groundwater, and why it is a common target of in-situ remediation.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
  • Case study2019

    Case Study: Longevity of Multiple Amendments used in Treatment of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater

    M. Alexander (Leidos) · New Jersey Superfund site

    An eight-year analysis of electron donor and sodium bicarbonate exhaustion at a large, dilute TCE/1,1-DCE plume in an acidic New Jersey aquifer, finding that the bicarbonate buffer is consistently exhausted before the electron donor and proposing a mass-balance approach to time reamendment.

    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • 1,1-DCE (1,1-Dichloroethene)
  • Technical paper2014

    Effective, Sustainable In Situ Remediation Approach at Industrial Sites Using a Combination of Zerovalent Iron and Emulsified Vegetable Oil

    R.L. Kelley, M. Liskowitz, A. Peterson · Battelle Ninth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper C-067)

    Describes full-scale ZVI/EVO injections (Ferox®-Plus, combining SRS™ emulsified vegetable oil with Ferox® ZVI reactive iron powder) at industrial sites treating TCE and PCE, including one site where baseline PCE dropped on average 99% following injection of 145,000 lbs of slurry across 376 direct-push locations.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
  • Case study2014

    Enhancing Reductive Dechlorination in a Fractured Bedrock Aquifer

    Brunswick Shale fractured bedrock site, southeastern Pennsylvania

    A chlorinated-solvent release in Brunswick Shale fractured bedrock, with groundwater flow estimated at 20 feet per day, was treated with a series of injections of 60% SRS®-FRL emulsified vegetable oil, converting TCE to cis-1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride and ethene across multiple treatment areas.

    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • cis-1,2-DCE (cis-1,2-Dichloroethene)
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)
  • Technical paper2013

    EVO Carbon Footprint, Distribution, and Longevity: Summary of SRS® Case Histories

    M.D. Lee, J.E. Lee, R.L. Raymond Jr. · Battelle Second International Symposium on Bioremediation and Sustainable Environmental Technologies (Paper E-21)

    Estimates the carbon footprint of SRS® at 0.73 lb CO2e per lb of product and summarizes distribution and longevity across more than 200 SRS® sites: TOC distribution is generally limited to about 20 feet from the injection point and persists from 162 to 2,529 days.

    • Cr(VI) (Hexavalent chromium)
  • Case study2012

    Restoring Favorable Conditions for Anaerobic Bioremediation in an Acidic Aquifer

    New Jersey remediation site

    Highly acidic groundwater was limiting anaerobic bioremediation of chlorinated solvents at a New Jersey site. Treatability testing developed an optimized injection strategy using SRS® emulsified vegetable oil, buffering amendments and bioaugmentation cultures, restoring favorable groundwater conditions and reductive dechlorination.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)
  • Case study2012

    Treating Mixed Contaminants with a Combined Chemical and Biological Approach

    Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, CA

    Groundwater impacted by both hexavalent chromium and TCE was treated with SRS®-M (EVO plus a proprietary abiotic reductant) combined with bioaugmentation; full-scale injection in 2012 reduced hexavalent chromium and achieved reductive dechlorination of TCE in monitoring wells where TOC exceeded 10 mg/L.

    • Cr(VI) (Hexavalent chromium)
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
  • Technical paper2010

    Buffering Acidic Aquifers with Soluble Buffer to Promote Reductive Dechlorination

    M.D. Lee, E. Hauptmann, R.L. Raymond, D. Ochs, R. Lake, M. Selover · Battelle Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper F-031)

    Describes bench-scale buffer titration studies and two full-scale pH adjustment projects at acidic sites, concluding that soluble buffers such as sodium carbonate can raise aquifer pH into the 6–8 range favorable for reductive dechlorination.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • Carbon tetrachloride
  • Technical paper2010

    SABRE Bulletin 5: Overview of the SABRE Field Tests

    CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments), LINK Bioremediation Project SABRE

    Describes the contained-area field test of the SABRE project at a UK chemical manufacturing site, where a 98 ft x 13 ft x 13 ft test cell containing an estimated 5,300 lbs of TCE DNAPL was treated with roughly 5,280 lbs of 60% SRS®-SD plus a dechlorinating culture.

    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • NAPL (NAPL / residual source)
  • Technical paper2009

    Emulsified Vegetable Oil Transport Studies in Soil Columns

    M.D. Lee, R.L. Raymond, S. Cole, L. Stenberg, R. Lyon, D. Williams · Battelle Tenth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium (Paper L-82)

    Column studies comparing small-droplet SRS®-SD (0.4 µm) and large-droplet SRS-FR (2.5 µm) in Dover AFB sandy soil, finding that partial dilution followed by chase water transported the emulsion further than a single highly diluted application, and that the smaller droplet distributed more easily.

  • Technical paper2008

    A Field Demonstration of Substrate Distribution for Accelerated Anaerobic Biodegradation at Dover AFB, Delaware

    A. Bloom, G. DeLong, W. Ahlers, D. Williams, R. Lyon, L. Stenberg, A. Buell, M.D. Lee · Battelle Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper E-030)

    A field demonstration at Dover Air Force Base, DE evaluating methods for detecting and measuring the distribution of emulsified vegetable oil (SRS®) during an injection event; oil was detected in soil samples up to 22 feet from the injection point.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
  • Technical paper2008

    Accelerated Anaerobic Bioremediation of a PCE Source Area, Two Years Later at Site SS07, Dover AFB, DE

    A. Bloom, G. DeLong, L. Stenberg, R. Lyon, A. Buell · Battelle Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper C-091)

    Reports results two years after injecting roughly 102,000 gallons of sodium lactate, emulsified vegetable oil and nutrients at a PCE source area at Dover AFB: PCE and TCE fell below federal MCLs in all monitoring wells within one year, with cis-1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride and ethene all present as evidence of complete dechlorination.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • cis-1,2-DCE (cis-1,2-Dichloroethene)
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)
  • Technical paper2008

    Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Management of Chlorinated Solvents in Soils and Groundwater

    T. Sale, C. Newell, H. Stroo, R. Hinchee, P. Johnson · Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP)

    An ESTCP-developed FAQ addressing common questions on managing chlorinated-solvent releases in soil and groundwater, written for practitioners weighing site management strategies.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • NAPL (NAPL / residual source)
  • Case study2008

    Sustaining Bioremediation in High Groundwater Flow Conditions

    Railcar TCE spill site, eastern Kansas

    A TCE plume in a highly permeable sandy aquifer with groundwater flow of roughly 1.9 ft/day, below detectable Dehalococcoides, was treated with large-droplet SRS®-FR and TSI-DC® bioaugmentation after an initial sodium lactate injection proved short-lived; SRS®-FR sustained reducing conditions and complete dechlorination to vinyl chloride and ethene.

    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • cis-1,2-DCE (cis-1,2-Dichloroethene)
    • trans-1,2-DCE (trans-1,2-Dichloroethene)
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)
  • Design manual2007

    Final Protocol for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Using Edible Oil

    Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE)

    The AFCEE-sponsored design and implementation protocol for using edible (vegetable) oil as a long-term electron donor for in situ anaerobic bioremediation of chlorinated solvents.

    • PCE (Tetrachloroethene (PCE))
    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)
    • Nitrate
    • Perchlorate
    • Cr(VI) (Hexavalent chromium)
    • TNT
  • Technical paper2000

    Bioaugmentation for Accelerated In Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation

    D.E. Ellis, E.J. Lutz, J.M. Odom, R.J. Buchanan Jr., C.L. Bartlett, M.D. Lee, M.R. Harkness, K.A. DeWeerd · Environmental Science & Technology 34(13):2254–2260

    Reports the first successful anaerobic bioaugmentation project, at a TCE-contaminated aquifer at Dover Air Force Base, DE, demonstrating that a non-indigenous dechlorinating culture survived, was transported through the pilot area, and completed dechlorination of TCE and cis-1,2-DCE to ethene.

    • TCE (Trichloroethene (TCE))
    • cis-1,2-DCE (cis-1,2-Dichloroethene)
    • VC (Vinyl chloride)

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