Case studies, technical papers, design manuals and presentations, tagged with the same contaminant and technology vocabulary as the product catalog.
P.M. Dombrowski, T. Pac, M. Lee, R. Raymond Jr. · Prepared for the Southeast New England Program (SNEP)
A white paper on nitrate loading to Cape Cod estuaries from septic systems and lawn fertilizer, and on EVO-injected permeable reactive barriers as a non-traditional denitrification technology to meet estuary nitrogen TMDLs.
P.M. Dombrowski (ISOTEC Remediation Technologies), D. Raymond (Terra Systems) · Enviro Class webinar, December 2023
A webinar introducing harmful algal blooms as a consequence of excess nitrate loading, and presenting EVO-injected permeable reactive barriers as an in-situ nitrate treatment strategy.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution / ISOTEC / Terra Systems, Inc., prepared for the Southeast New England Program (SNEP)
A design manual for coastal communities in Southeast New England and beyond, covering denitrification biology, PRB technology and installation methods for reducing nitrate transport from groundwater to surface water using injected EVO.
A training video comparing and combining chemical oxidation with in situ bioremediation.
A webinar on combining emulsified vegetable oil with zero-valent iron for enhanced treatment of chlorinated solvents.
A presentation to the Taiwan EPA on matching remediation reagent selection to site-specific geochemistry and hydrogeology.
A training video on in situ chemical oxidation fundamentals.
An introductory webinar on activating sodium persulfate for in situ chemical oxidation.
A training video on methods for activating persulfate for in situ chemical oxidation.
A training video on field safety practices when handling and injecting persulfate.
Terra Systems, Inc.
Column study showing that sulfidating zero-valent iron before blending it into SRS®-Z (the EVO/ZVI substrate) improves the extent of ZVI degradation, increases longevity, and reduces undesired hydrolysis; test columns removed TCE, 1,1,1-TCA and chloroform over 29 days.
Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC)
ITRC technical and regulatory guidance on remedial design characterization, amendment and dose selection, and delivery optimization for in situ remediation programs.
A plain-language fact sheet on tetrachloroethene (PCE): its industrial uses, physical and chemical properties, DNAPL behavior in groundwater, and why it is a common target of in-situ remediation.
M. Alexander (Leidos) · New Jersey Superfund site
An eight-year analysis of electron donor and sodium bicarbonate exhaustion at a large, dilute TCE/1,1-DCE plume in an acidic New Jersey aquifer, finding that the bicarbonate buffer is consistently exhausted before the electron donor and proposing a mass-balance approach to time reamendment.
R.L. Kelley, M. Liskowitz, A. Peterson · Battelle Ninth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper C-067)
Describes full-scale ZVI/EVO injections (Ferox®-Plus, combining SRS™ emulsified vegetable oil with Ferox® ZVI reactive iron powder) at industrial sites treating TCE and PCE, including one site where baseline PCE dropped on average 99% following injection of 145,000 lbs of slurry across 376 direct-push locations.
Brunswick Shale fractured bedrock site, southeastern Pennsylvania
A chlorinated-solvent release in Brunswick Shale fractured bedrock, with groundwater flow estimated at 20 feet per day, was treated with a series of injections of 60% SRS®-FRL emulsified vegetable oil, converting TCE to cis-1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride and ethene across multiple treatment areas.
M.D. Lee, J.E. Lee, R.L. Raymond Jr. · Battelle Second International Symposium on Bioremediation and Sustainable Environmental Technologies (Paper E-21)
Estimates the carbon footprint of SRS® at 0.73 lb CO2e per lb of product and summarizes distribution and longevity across more than 200 SRS® sites: TOC distribution is generally limited to about 20 feet from the injection point and persists from 162 to 2,529 days.
New Jersey remediation site
Highly acidic groundwater was limiting anaerobic bioremediation of chlorinated solvents at a New Jersey site. Treatability testing developed an optimized injection strategy using SRS® emulsified vegetable oil, buffering amendments and bioaugmentation cultures, restoring favorable groundwater conditions and reductive dechlorination.
Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, CA
Groundwater impacted by both hexavalent chromium and TCE was treated with SRS®-M (EVO plus a proprietary abiotic reductant) combined with bioaugmentation; full-scale injection in 2012 reduced hexavalent chromium and achieved reductive dechlorination of TCE in monitoring wells where TOC exceeded 10 mg/L.
M.D. Lee, E. Hauptmann, R.L. Raymond, D. Ochs, R. Lake, M. Selover · Battelle Seventh International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper F-031)
Describes bench-scale buffer titration studies and two full-scale pH adjustment projects at acidic sites, concluding that soluble buffers such as sodium carbonate can raise aquifer pH into the 6–8 range favorable for reductive dechlorination.
CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments), LINK Bioremediation Project SABRE
Describes the contained-area field test of the SABRE project at a UK chemical manufacturing site, where a 98 ft x 13 ft x 13 ft test cell containing an estimated 5,300 lbs of TCE DNAPL was treated with roughly 5,280 lbs of 60% SRS®-SD plus a dechlorinating culture.
M.D. Lee, R.L. Raymond, S. Cole, L. Stenberg, R. Lyon, D. Williams · Battelle Tenth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium (Paper L-82)
Column studies comparing small-droplet SRS®-SD (0.4 µm) and large-droplet SRS-FR (2.5 µm) in Dover AFB sandy soil, finding that partial dilution followed by chase water transported the emulsion further than a single highly diluted application, and that the smaller droplet distributed more easily.
A. Bloom, G. DeLong, W. Ahlers, D. Williams, R. Lyon, L. Stenberg, A. Buell, M.D. Lee · Battelle Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper E-030)
A field demonstration at Dover Air Force Base, DE evaluating methods for detecting and measuring the distribution of emulsified vegetable oil (SRS®) during an injection event; oil was detected in soil samples up to 22 feet from the injection point.
A. Bloom, G. DeLong, L. Stenberg, R. Lyon, A. Buell · Battelle Sixth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (Paper C-091)
Reports results two years after injecting roughly 102,000 gallons of sodium lactate, emulsified vegetable oil and nutrients at a PCE source area at Dover AFB: PCE and TCE fell below federal MCLs in all monitoring wells within one year, with cis-1,2-DCE, vinyl chloride and ethene all present as evidence of complete dechlorination.
T. Sale, C. Newell, H. Stroo, R. Hinchee, P. Johnson · Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP)
An ESTCP-developed FAQ addressing common questions on managing chlorinated-solvent releases in soil and groundwater, written for practitioners weighing site management strategies.
Railcar TCE spill site, eastern Kansas
A TCE plume in a highly permeable sandy aquifer with groundwater flow of roughly 1.9 ft/day, below detectable Dehalococcoides, was treated with large-droplet SRS®-FR and TSI-DC® bioaugmentation after an initial sodium lactate injection proved short-lived; SRS®-FR sustained reducing conditions and complete dechlorination to vinyl chloride and ethene.
Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (AFCEE)
The AFCEE-sponsored design and implementation protocol for using edible (vegetable) oil as a long-term electron donor for in situ anaerobic bioremediation of chlorinated solvents.
D.E. Ellis, E.J. Lutz, J.M. Odom, R.J. Buchanan Jr., C.L. Bartlett, M.D. Lee, M.R. Harkness, K.A. DeWeerd · Environmental Science & Technology 34(13):2254–2260
Reports the first successful anaerobic bioaugmentation project, at a TCE-contaminated aquifer at Dover Air Force Base, DE, demonstrating that a non-indigenous dechlorinating culture survived, was transported through the pilot area, and completed dechlorination of TCE and cis-1,2-DCE to ethene.
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